Bending moments and deflection formula
Showing posts with label Structures. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Structures. Show all posts
Wednesday, April 4, 2018
Minimum periods for elements of structure
(minutes)
Building type Basement storey Ground and upper storeys
more than less than less than less than less than more than
10 m deep 10 m deep 5 m high 20 m high 30 m high 30 m high
Flats and maisonettes 90 60 30a 60c 90b 120b
Houses n/a 30a 30a 60 n/a n/a
Institutionald
, residential 90 60 30a 60 90 120e
Offices without sprinklers 90 60 30a 60 90 X
with sprinklers 60 60 30a 30a 60 120e
Shops & without sprinklers 90 60 60 60 90 X
Commercial with sprinklers 60 60 30a 60 60 120e
Assembly & without sprinklers 90 60 60 60 90 X
Recreational with sprinklers 60 60 30a 60 60 120e
Industrial without sprinklers 120 90 60 90 120 X
with sprinklers 90 60 30a 60 60 120e
Storage & otherwithout sprinklers 120 90 60 90 120 X
non-residential with sprinklerss 90 60 30a 60 90 120e
Car parks for open sided park n/a n/a 15f 15f 15f 60
light vehicles any other park 90 60 30a 60 90 120e
X = not permitted
a Increased to 60 minutes for compartment walls separating buildings.
b Reduced to 30 minutes for any floor within a maisonette, but not if that
floor contributes to the support of the building.
c As b above and, in the case of existing houses, of no more than three
storeys being converted into flats. This may be reduced to 30 minutes
providing the means of escape conform to section 2 of requirement B1.
d Multi-storey hospitals should have a minimum 60 minutes standard.
e Reduced to 90 minutes for elements not forming part of the structural
frame.
f As a above and increased to 30 minutes for elements protecting the
means of escape.
Imposed floor loads
94 Architect’s Pocket Book
Distributed Concentrated
Floor type load load
kN/m2 kN
Houses and blocks of flats under four storeys 1.5 1.4
Institutional bedrooms, stairs* in houses less than 1.5 1.8
three storeys
Hotels bedrooms, hospital wards 2.0 1.8
College and guest house dining rooms, lounges, 2.0 2.7
billiard rooms
Operating theatres, X-ray rooms, utility rooms 2.0 4.5
Offices for general use 2.5 2.7
Garages for vehicles under 2500 kg 2.5 9.0
Classrooms, chapels 3.0 2.7
Hotel kitchens and laundries, laboratories 3.0 4.5
Offices with fixed computing equipment 3.5 4.5
Assembly buildings with fixed seating 4.0 †
Shop floors for retailing 4.0 3.6
Corridors etc, footbridges subject to crowd loads 4.0 4.5
Hotel bars 5.0 †
Assembly buildings without fixed seating, gymnasia, 5.0 3.6
dance halls
Office filing and storage, corridors etc subject to 5.0 4.5
wheeled trolleys
Factories, workshops and similar buildings 5.0 4.5
Garages, parking and workshops for vehicles 5.0 9.0
exceeding 2500 kg
Boiler rooms, plant rooms including weight of 7.5 4.5
machinery
Bookstores, warehouses (per metre of storage height) 2.4 7.0
Stationery stores (per metre of storage height) 4.0 9.0
* Stairs in buildings over three storeys – same as floors to which they give
access.
† Where no value is given for concentrated load, it is assumed that the
distributed load is adequate for design purposes.
The unit of force, the newton, is derived from the unit of
mass through the relationship that force is equal to mass
times the gravitational pull of 9.81 metres per second per second
(9.81 m/s2
), in the direction of the force,
e.g. 1 kilogram f = 9.81 newtons.
For approximate purposes 100 kgf = 1 kN.
Alternatively one newton is that force which, if applied to a
mass of one kilogram, gives that mass an acceleration of one
metre per second per second (1 m/s2
) in the direction of the
force, so 1 N = 1 kg 1 m/s2
.
When calculating the weight of materials for structures, the
kilograms must be multiplied by 9.81 to get the equivalent figure
in newtons (or 9.81 ÷ 1000 for kN).
As a general rule, the following expressions are used:
superimposed loads kN/m2
mass loads kg/m2 or kg/m3
stress N/mm2
1 kN.m = 106
.Nmm (often written 1 kNm = 106 Nmm)
1 N/mm2 = 103 kN/m2
mass through the relationship that force is equal to mass
times the gravitational pull of 9.81 metres per second per second
(9.81 m/s2
), in the direction of the force,
e.g. 1 kilogram f = 9.81 newtons.
For approximate purposes 100 kgf = 1 kN.
Alternatively one newton is that force which, if applied to a
mass of one kilogram, gives that mass an acceleration of one
metre per second per second (1 m/s2
) in the direction of the
force, so 1 N = 1 kg 1 m/s2
.
When calculating the weight of materials for structures, the
kilograms must be multiplied by 9.81 to get the equivalent figure
in newtons (or 9.81 ÷ 1000 for kN).
As a general rule, the following expressions are used:
superimposed loads kN/m2
mass loads kg/m2 or kg/m3
stress N/mm2
1 kN.m = 106
.Nmm (often written 1 kNm = 106 Nmm)
1 N/mm2 = 103 kN/m2
Material Description Quantity kg/m2 kg/m3
of unit
aluminium cast 2 770
aluminium roofing longstrip 0.8 mm 3.70
asphalt roofing with vapour barrier 20 mm 47.00
ballast loose, graded 1 600
bituminous felt 3 layers + vapour 11.10
roofing barrier
blockboard sheet 18 mm 10.50
blockwork high strength 100 mm 220.00
aerated 100 mm 64.00
lightweight 100 mm 58.00
foundation 255 mm 197.00
brass cast 8 425
brickwork blue 115 mm 276.60 2 405
engineering 115 mm 250.00 2 165
sand/cement 115 mm 240.00 2 085
London stock 115 mm 212.00 1 845
fletton 1 795
calcium silicate board sheet 6 mm 5.80
cement 1 440
concrete reinforced 2% steel 2 400
plain 2 300
chalk 2 125
chipboard flooring grade C4 18 mm 13.25
furniture grade C1A 18 mm 11.75
chippings flat roof finish 1 layer 4.75
clay undisturbed 1 925
copper cast 8 730
copper roofing longstrip 0.6 mm 5.70
cork granulated 80
cork insulation board 50 mm 6.50
cork flooring tiles 3.2 mm 3.00
felt roofing underlay 1.30
Weights of materials – continued
Material Description Quantity kg/m2 kg/m3
of unit
glass clear float 4 mm 10.00
clear float 6 mm 15.00
clear float 10 mm 25.00
glass wool quilt 100 mm 1.02
gravel loose 1 600
hardboard standard 3.2 mm 2.35
hardboard medium 6.4 mm 3.70
hardwood greenheart 1 040
oak 720
iroko, teak 660
mahogany 530
hardwood flooring boards 23 mm 16.10
iron cast 7 205
lead cast 11 322
sheet code 4 20.40
sheet code 7 35.72
lime lump 705
quick 880
linoleum sheet 3.2 mm 4.50
MDF sheet 18 mm 13.80
mortar lime 1 680
partitions plastered brick 115 + 25 mm 250.00
plastered block 100 + 25 mm 190.00
p/b & skim on
timber studs 100 + 25 mm 120.00
parquet flooring 15 mm 7.00
paving concrete 50 mm 122.00
patent glazing alum.bars @ single 19.00
600 mm c/c
alum.bars @ double 35.00
600 mm c/c
perspex corrugated sheets 4.90
plaster lightweight – 2 coat 13 mm 10.20
hardwall – 2 coat 13 mm 11.60
lath and plaster 29.30
plasterboard gyproc wallboard 9.5 mm 9.00
plaster skimcoat 3 mm 2.20
plywood sheet 6 mm 4.10
polystyrene expanded, sheet 50 mm 0.75
PVC roofing single ply membrane 2 mm 2.50
Material Description Quantity kg/m2 kg/m3
of unit
quarry tiles laid in mortar 12.5 mm 32.00
roofing tiles clay – plain 100 mm
gauge 77.00
clay –
single pantile 315 mm
gauge 42.00
concrete –
double roman 343 mm
gauge 45.00
concrete –
flat slate 355 mm
gauge 51.00
rubber stud flooring tiles 4 mm 5.90
sand dry 1 600
sarking felt 1.30
screed cement/sand 50 mm 108.00
shingle coarse, graded, dry 1 842
shingles roof, untreated 95 mm 8.09
gauge
tantalized “ 16.19
slate slab 25 mm 70.80
slate roofing best 4 mm 31.00
medium strong 5 mm 35.00
heavies 6 mm 40.00
snow fresh 96
wet, compact 320
softboard sheet 12.5 mm 14.45
softwood pitch pine, yew 670
spruce 450
western red cedar 390
softwood flooring boards 22 mm 12.20
soil loose 1 440
compact 2 080
stainless steel longstrip 0.4 mm 4.00
roofing
steel mild 7 848
sheet 1.3 mm 10.20
stone slate 2 840
marble 2 720
granite 2 660
York 2 400
Bath 2 100
Weights of materials – continued
Material Description Quantity kg/m2 kg/m3
of unit
stone chippings 1 760
tarmac 25 mm 53.70
thatch including battens 300 mm 41.50
terrazzo paving 16 mm 34.20
timber see hardwood
softwood
vinyl flooring tiles 2 mm 4.00
water 1 000
weatherboarding softwood 19 mm 7.30
25 mm 8.55
woodwool slabs 50 mm 36.60
zinc cast 6 838
zinc roofing longstrip 0.8 mm 5.70
of unit
aluminium cast 2 770
aluminium roofing longstrip 0.8 mm 3.70
asphalt roofing with vapour barrier 20 mm 47.00
ballast loose, graded 1 600
bituminous felt 3 layers + vapour 11.10
roofing barrier
blockboard sheet 18 mm 10.50
blockwork high strength 100 mm 220.00
aerated 100 mm 64.00
lightweight 100 mm 58.00
foundation 255 mm 197.00
brass cast 8 425
brickwork blue 115 mm 276.60 2 405
engineering 115 mm 250.00 2 165
sand/cement 115 mm 240.00 2 085
London stock 115 mm 212.00 1 845
fletton 1 795
calcium silicate board sheet 6 mm 5.80
cement 1 440
concrete reinforced 2% steel 2 400
plain 2 300
chalk 2 125
chipboard flooring grade C4 18 mm 13.25
furniture grade C1A 18 mm 11.75
chippings flat roof finish 1 layer 4.75
clay undisturbed 1 925
copper cast 8 730
copper roofing longstrip 0.6 mm 5.70
cork granulated 80
cork insulation board 50 mm 6.50
cork flooring tiles 3.2 mm 3.00
felt roofing underlay 1.30
Weights of materials – continued
Material Description Quantity kg/m2 kg/m3
of unit
glass clear float 4 mm 10.00
clear float 6 mm 15.00
clear float 10 mm 25.00
glass wool quilt 100 mm 1.02
gravel loose 1 600
hardboard standard 3.2 mm 2.35
hardboard medium 6.4 mm 3.70
hardwood greenheart 1 040
oak 720
iroko, teak 660
mahogany 530
hardwood flooring boards 23 mm 16.10
iron cast 7 205
lead cast 11 322
sheet code 4 20.40
sheet code 7 35.72
lime lump 705
quick 880
linoleum sheet 3.2 mm 4.50
MDF sheet 18 mm 13.80
mortar lime 1 680
partitions plastered brick 115 + 25 mm 250.00
plastered block 100 + 25 mm 190.00
p/b & skim on
timber studs 100 + 25 mm 120.00
parquet flooring 15 mm 7.00
paving concrete 50 mm 122.00
patent glazing alum.bars @ single 19.00
600 mm c/c
alum.bars @ double 35.00
600 mm c/c
perspex corrugated sheets 4.90
plaster lightweight – 2 coat 13 mm 10.20
hardwall – 2 coat 13 mm 11.60
lath and plaster 29.30
plasterboard gyproc wallboard 9.5 mm 9.00
plaster skimcoat 3 mm 2.20
plywood sheet 6 mm 4.10
polystyrene expanded, sheet 50 mm 0.75
PVC roofing single ply membrane 2 mm 2.50
Material Description Quantity kg/m2 kg/m3
of unit
quarry tiles laid in mortar 12.5 mm 32.00
roofing tiles clay – plain 100 mm
gauge 77.00
clay –
single pantile 315 mm
gauge 42.00
concrete –
double roman 343 mm
gauge 45.00
concrete –
flat slate 355 mm
gauge 51.00
rubber stud flooring tiles 4 mm 5.90
sand dry 1 600
sarking felt 1.30
screed cement/sand 50 mm 108.00
shingle coarse, graded, dry 1 842
shingles roof, untreated 95 mm 8.09
gauge
tantalized “ 16.19
slate slab 25 mm 70.80
slate roofing best 4 mm 31.00
medium strong 5 mm 35.00
heavies 6 mm 40.00
snow fresh 96
wet, compact 320
softboard sheet 12.5 mm 14.45
softwood pitch pine, yew 670
spruce 450
western red cedar 390
softwood flooring boards 22 mm 12.20
soil loose 1 440
compact 2 080
stainless steel longstrip 0.4 mm 4.00
roofing
steel mild 7 848
sheet 1.3 mm 10.20
stone slate 2 840
marble 2 720
granite 2 660
York 2 400
Bath 2 100
Weights of materials – continued
Material Description Quantity kg/m2 kg/m3
of unit
stone chippings 1 760
tarmac 25 mm 53.70
thatch including battens 300 mm 41.50
terrazzo paving 16 mm 34.20
timber see hardwood
softwood
vinyl flooring tiles 2 mm 4.00
water 1 000
weatherboarding softwood 19 mm 7.30
25 mm 8.55
woodwool slabs 50 mm 36.60
zinc cast 6 838
zinc roofing longstrip 0.8 mm 5.70