Showing posts with label Planning. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Planning. Show all posts
Wednesday, April 4, 2018
Standing
Dimensions given are the average for British men and women. They include an allowance for clothing and shoes
Sitting
Dimensions given are the average for British men and women. They include an allowance for clothing and shoes.
Standards – in the construction industry
Efforts are being made to harmonize standards throughout
Europe so as to open up the single market for construction
products. It is still something of a minefield, as harmonization
at the beginning of the twenty-first century is not complete.
Listed alphabetically below are the organizations and standards
involved, which may help to clarify the current situation.
BBA – British Board of
Agrément. This organization
assesses and tests new construction
products and systems
which have not yet received a
relevant BS or EN. It issues
Agrément Certificates to those
that meet their standards. The Certificate gives an independent
opinion of fitness for purpose. Holders are subject to
3-yearly reviews to ensure standards are maintained. The BBA
represents the UK in the UEAtc and is designated by the government
to lead the issuing of ETAs.
BSI – British Standards Institution. This was the
first national standards body in the world. It publishes
British Standards (BS) which give recommended
minimum standards for materials, products and
processes. These are not mandatory, but some are
quoted directly in the Building Regulations (see also EN
below). All materials and components complying with a particular
BS are marked with the BS kitemark together with the
relevant BS number. BSI also publishes codes of practice (CP)
which give recommendations for good practice in relation to
design, manufacture, construction, installation and maintenance,
with the main objectives being safety, quality, economy
and fitness for purpose. Drafts for Development (DD) are
issued when there is insufficient information for a BS or a CP.
These are similar to ENVs.
CE mark – Communauté Européenne
mark. This mark was introduced by the
CPD, and is a symbol applied to products
by their manufacturers to indicate their
compliance with European member state
regulations. It has nothing to do with
quality or safety (unlike the BS kitemark). If the CE mark has a
number attached, this signifies that the product has been
independently tested.
CEN – Comité Européen de Nationalisation (also known
as the European Committee for Standardisation). Its main
aims are to harmonize national standards; promote implementation
of the ISO; prepare ENs; co-operate with EFTA and
other international governmental organizations and CENELEC
(the electrotechnical counterpart of CEN). The BSI is a member
of CEN.
CPD – Construction Products Directive. This is a directive
produced by the European Commission introducing the CE
mark.
EN – Euronorm (also known as European Standard).
European Standards are published by the CEN for a wide
range of materials. A full EN, known in the UK as a BS EN, is
mandatory and overrules any conflicting previous BS, which
must be withdrawn. Prospective standards where documentation
is still in preparation are published as European prestandards
(ENV). These are normally converted to full ENs
after a 3-year experimental period.
EOTA – European Organization for Technical Approvals.
Members of this organization issue ETAs. The UK is represented
in EOTA by the BBA. EOTA polices organizations nominated
by member states to make sure they all apply the same
tests and level of expertise when preparing ETAs.
ETA – European Technical Approval. ETAs are issued by
members of EOTA. They are available for products whose performance
or characteristics fall outside the scope of a
European Standard (EN) mandated by the EC, and are based
upon assessment methods known a ETAGs (European
Technical Approval Guidelines). Both ETAs and ENs enable
products to which they refer to be placed in the single
European market.
ISO – International Organization for Standardization.
This organization prepares International Standards for the
whole world. They are prefixed ISO and many are compatible
and complement British Standards. In the UK, BSs and ENs
that are approved by the ISO are prefixed BS ISO or BS EN ISO.
MOAT – Method of Assessment and Testing. These are
the criteria and methods used by the BBA when testing products.
Many MOATs have been developed in consultation with
the European Agrément organizations under the aegis of the
UEAtc.
QA – Quality Assurance. BS EN 9001 lays down procedures
for various organizations to conform to a specification and
thus acquire QA for a production or a service.
UEAtc – European Union of Agrément technical committee.
A technical committee to which all European Agrément
institutes belong, including the BBA for the UK. Its principal
function is to facilitate trade in construction products
between member states, primarily through its Confirmation
process, whereby an Agrément Certificate issued by a UEAtc
member in one country can be used to obtain a Certificate in
another.
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Construction Design and Management Regulations In the mid-1990s, fatal accidents in the construction industry
were five to six times more frequent than in other areas of
manufacture. Also, all construction workers could expect to
be temporarily off work at least once in their working life as a
result of injury. The Construction Design and Management
Regulations (CDM) 1994, effective from 31 March 1995,
were drafted to try and improve these statistics. The regulations
make designers responsible for making buildings ‘safely
constructible and to provide safety information’.
The purpose of the CDM Regulations can be summarized
as follows:
• To ensure Health and Safety (H & S) issues are considered
from the beginning of a project and to consider the H & S
implications during the life of the structure in order to
achieve a safe working environment during construction
and beyond.
• To ensure the professionals appointed are competent to
comply with the CDM Regs. These include designers, planning
supervisors, contractors and sub-contractors.
• To see that an H & S Plan is prepared for the construction
period and that an H & S File is prepared for the completed
structure.
• To ensure that adequate resources are allocated to comply
with the legislation imposed by the Health and Safety
Executive (HSE).
Planning Supervisor
To implement the regulations, a Planning Supervisor (PS) must
be appointed by the client. This can be anyone competent,
and may be a member of the design team, contractors or
even the client. Alternatively, architects should develop an
H & S team by bringing in outside expertise or use a CDM advice
service. The PS must notify the HSE of the project; see that
designers do their CDM duty and co-operate on site safety
matters; prepare the H & S plan, on time, for the construction
work, and prepare an H & S file for the client on completion.
They may also, if requested by a client, advise on the appointment
of consultants and contractors as to their competence
and resources in regard to CDM matters. If architects are to
act as Planning Supervisors they must ensure that they receive
certified HSE training, as failure to comply with the regulations
could lead to criminal prosecution.
When CDM regulations are not applicable
Listed below are situations where the CDM regulations need
not apply. However, the designer is still legally obliged to
avoid foreseeable risks; give priority to protection for all; and
include adequate H & S information in the design.
• Minor works in premises normally inspected by the Local
Authority, who will be the Enforcing Authority, e.g. storage
of retail goods or dangerous substances, exhibition displays
of goods for sale, animal accommodation.
• Work carried out for domestic householders, on their own
residences, used solely as a private dwelling (i.e. not as an
office as well as a home).
• Work which is for 30 days or less duration and involves
four persons or less on site and does not involve demolition
or dismantling of a structure.
Source: Managing Construction for Health and Safety
CDM Regulations 1994
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The approved documents
These documents are published as practical guidance to the
Building Regulations. i.e. they are not the Building
Regulations as such.
The mandatory Requirement is highlighted in green near the
beginning of each document. The remaining text is for guidance
only.
The Building Inspectorate accept that if this guidance is followed
then the requirement is satisfied. There is no obligation
to comply with these guidelines providing evidence is
produced to show that the relevant requirement has been
satisfied in some other way.
The purpose of the Building Regulation is to secure reasonable
standards of health, safety, energy conservation and the
convenience of disabled people.
A separate system of control applies in Scotland and Northern
Ireland.
The regulations are published by the DTLR and are available
from the Stationery Office.
A Structure 1992 edition
A1 Loading amended 2000
A2 Ground movement
A3 & A4 Disproportionate collapse
B Fire safety 2000 edition
B1 Means of warning and escape amended 2000
B2 Internal spread of fire (linings)
B3 Internal spread of fire (structure)
B4 External fire spread
B5 Access and facilities for the fire service
C Site preparation and resistance to moisture 1992 edition
C1 Preparation of site amended 2000
C2 Dangerous and offensive substances
C3 Subsoil drainage
C4 Resistance to weather and ground moisture
D Toxic substances 1992 edition
amended 2000
E Resistance to the passage of sound 1992 edition
E1 Airborne sound (walls) amended 2000
E2 Airborne sound (floors and stairs)
E3 Impact sound (floors and stairs)
F Ventilation 1995 edition
F1 Means of ventilation amended 2000
F2 Condensation in roofs
G Hygiene 1992 edition
G1 Sanitary conveniences and washing facilities amended 2000
G2 Bathrooms
G3 Hot water storage
H Drainage and waste disposal 2002 edition
H1 Foul water drainage
H2 Waste water treatment and cess pools
H3 Rainwater drainage
H4 Building over sewers
H5 Separate systems of drainage
H6 Solid waste storage
J Combustion appliances and fuel storage 2002 edition
systems
J1 Air supply
J2 Discharge of products of combustion
J3 Protection of building
J4 Provision of information
J5 Protection of liquid fuel storage systems
J6 Protection against pollution
K Protection from falling, collision and impact 1998 edition
amended 2000
L Conservation of fuel and power 2002 edition
L1 Conservation of fuel and power in dwellings
L2 Conservation of fuel and power in buildings
other than dwellings
M Access and facilities for disabled people 1999 edition
M1 Interpretation amended 2000
M2 Access and use
M3 Sanitary conveniences
M4 Audience or spectator seating
N Glazing – safety in relation to impact, 1998 edition
opening and cleaning amended 2000
N1 Protection against impact
N2 Manifestations of glazing
N3 Safe opening & closing of windows, skylights & ventilators
N4 Safe access for cleaning windows etc
Approved document to support regulation 7 1999 edition
Materials and workmanship amended 2000
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